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Try GEE and random effects models. Stata has powerful implementation of both.

You can run PCA on rows and not columns. This would allow you to better understand how the diversity values of nucleotides move together. As your study conjectures, different genetic groups may have different pictures. Then you can create a heat map for [K principal components] * [26 populations].

I do not quite understand the data you have shown. The data you have attached have only one variable, not two. What is W? Kendall's tau must take values in [-1,1]. In fact, the absolute value of Kendall's tau tends to be lower than that of Spearman's rho or Pearson's correlation. It is hard to...

The answer is [(9 choose 3) * (6 choose 2) + (9 choose 4) * (6 choose 1) + (9 choose 5) * 1] / (15 choose 5). This is not a case of binomial distribution because the databases are sampled without replacement.

Try Repeated Measures ANOVA. Should have a chance of working as long as each time point is represented with a sufficient number of people.

Dan, much depends on the data you will end up collecting. Their type and size. Generically speaking, you may end up using a time series model which depends on the group ID. It is hard to say more at this point, unfortunately... Once you have collected the data, you can post them here and we will...

Without seeing the data, it is impossible to say what sample size would be sufficient for a prespecified accuracy. However, based on many data analyses I have performed over the last decade, 120 observations is unlikely to be sufficient for studying very low concentrations of some of the...

The original question does not display.

Seems like a programmatic issue. Perhaps, something related to in-memory variables. Try to reverse score in a separate Excel file and then load it into a fresh session of whatever software you are using.

This statement is unclear: "Because of heterogeneity in patients, region X in one patient may have 40 separate data points, in another 90 points, in another 17 points." The whole thing may be a simple case for meta-analysis.

The hypotheses go the other way. "At least" means H0: ... >= ... And therefore H1: ... < ...

You can use chi-square test for independence if the expected frequency in each cell (for each combination of the categories) is >= 5. Separately, you can always us a randomization test, which is a variation of bootstrap.

You do not. Factor loadings (if using the traditional definition) tell you how to represent the original variables in terms of factors. They do not tell you the reverse: how to calculate factors in terms of the original variables. The easiest approach is saving the factor scores (in SPSS, R...

Yes, you can. Choose the optimal penalty coefficient (λ) using leave-one-out cross-validation. It is likely to be substantial.

You have to build a generalized linear model (GLM) of the form: Var3 ~ Var1 + Var2 GLM types to consider: Poisson regression, negative binomial regression, Poisson regression + zero-inflated component, negative binomial regression + zero-inflated component. You can choose the "optimal" GLM...

Yes, you can study the time effects using a panel-data model. The following framework must work in your case: DV_ij = α_i + β_1 * Time_j + β_2 * Time_j^2 + γ_1 * X_i1 + ... + γ_p * X_ip + ε, where DV_ij is the dependent variable for participant i and survey time j. You can consider two...

Which photos? Nothing got attached... Aside from that, extensive attachments are bad style. You are asking for an advice, not for somebody to look deeply into your work and perform formal consulting... Also, please make your textual description shorter, straight to the point. Thank you.

Fair enough. Pretty great people go a long way towards something great in life.

I am very sad, time after time seeing people who think they came up with an original and topical data analysis question: Covid-19.... There is too little data. Statistics is the science about what to do with data. One needs data.

@Dason, why is Iowa best? Any advantages over CA-1 or PA-1? Very curious.